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The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats. It was founded in 1957 by Joseph Rotblat and Bertrand Russell in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, following the release of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto in 1955. Rotblat and the Pugwash Conference won jointly the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 for their efforts on nuclear disarmament.〔Russell's exclusion is explained because the Nobel Prizes are never awarded posthumously.〕 International Student/Young Pugwash groups have existed since founder Cyrus Eaton's death in 1979. ==Origin of the Pugwash Conferences== The Russell–Einstein Manifesto, released July 9, 1955, called for a conference for scientists to assess the dangers of weapons of mass destruction (then only considered to be nuclear weapons). Cyrus Eaton, an industrialist and philanthropist, offered on July 13 to finance and host the conference in the town of his birth, Pugwash, Nova Scotia. This was not taken up at the time because a meeting was planned for India, at the invitation of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. With the outbreak of the Suez Crisis the Indian conference was postponed. Aristotle Onassis offered to finance a meeting in Monaco instead, but this was rejected. Eaton's former invitation was taken up. The first conference was held at what became known as Thinkers' Lodge〔(Thinkers' Lodge.org )〕 in July 1957 in Pugwash, Nova Scotia. Twenty-two scientists attended the first conference: * seven from the USA (David F. Cavers, Paul Doty, Hermann J. Muller, Eugene Rabinowitch, Walter Selove, Leó Szilárd, Victor F. Weisskopf) * three from the Soviet Union (Alexander M. Kuzin (Александр М. Кузин), Dmitri V. Skobeltsyn, Alexander V. Topchiev (Александр В. Топчиев)) * three from Japan (Iwao Ogawa, Shinichiro Tomonaga, Hideki Yukawa) * two from the UK (Cecil F. Powell, Joseph Rotblat) * two from Canada (Brock Chisholm, John S. Foster) * one each from Australia (Mark L. E. Oliphant), Austria (Hans Thirring), China (Chou Pei-Yuan), France (Antoine M. B. Lacassagne) and Poland (Marian Danysz). Cyrus Eaton, Eric Burhop, Ruth Adams, Anne Kinder Jones, and Vladimir Pavlichenko also were present. Many others were unable to attend, including co-founder Bertrand Russell, for health reasons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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